Czech landreform revisited

During the enforced nationalisation of the hard-line 1950s, one class who came in for particular persecution were the ‘kulaks’ or wealthier, propertied farmers. As part of their efforts to destroy them, the Communists are believed to have displaced over 4,000 such farming families. Now – a full 50 or more years later – there are moves to bring to justice some of those responsible for what has even been described as genocide.

1951 marked the trial of Josef Pazout – a wealthy farmer, or kulak, who stood accused of sabotage when he failed to produce the high yields of milk, pork, beef and eggs that the Communist government had demanded of him.

Mr. Pazout was one of hundreds of wealthier Czech farmers to be tried at the beginning of the 1950s, as part of ‘Akce K’ (‘Operation K’) – the government’s drive to wipe out the kulak. Otakar Raulim is from the Confederation of Political Prisoners. He explains: "These trials were the second stage of this operation – when they tried to show that there was a ‘reason’ for the persecution of kulaks. At first they just chose a group of people, around 4,000 families, which they displaced. They shunted them into different state-run cooperative farms, which were failing. These cases trying farmers for not meeting their quotas – that was a second phase."

At first, as Mr. Raulim explains, many kulaks weren’t even tried, but instead thrown out of their homes, as the state nationalised their land: "The majority of parents were sent to the gulags, while children and grandparents were taken off to the towns along the Czech-German border, which were uninhabited after WWII. There, they lived in misery and poverty. They slept like homeless people under bridges." Now, there are plans to bring those behind ‘Akce K’ and its implementation to trial. Mr. Raulim and the Confederation of Political Prisoners want charges of genocide to be brought against those tried.

But the man behind the prosecutions doesn’t agree. Jan Srb is from the Bureau for the Investigation and Documentation of Communist Crimes: "It would maybe be possible to bring charges of genocide against those who sat in government at the time, and who made the decisions. That would mean the Justice Minister, the Minister of National Security and the Minister of the Interior, who approved this bill to get rid of kulaks. But all of these people are dead now, and so for this reason we are not trying to charge anyone with genocide."

So, who is the Communist Crimes Bureau wanting to prosecute? "Those people who carried out these acts at a local level. The prosecutors, the village mayors and so on. These are the characters that we are trying to identify in each individual case, and then find out if they are still alive. And these are the people who might end up being tried, but most likely on charges of abuse of office."

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Rumsfeld flees France

Former US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld fled France today fearing arrest over charges of "ordering and authorizing" torture of detainees at both the American-run Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq and the US military’s detainment facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, unconfirmed reports coming from Paris suggest.

US embassy officials whisked Rumsfeld away yesterday from a breakfast meeting in Paris organized by the Foreign Policy magazine after human rights groups filed a criminal complaint against the man who spearheaded President George W. Bush’s "war on terror" for six years.

Under international law, authorities in France are obliged to open an investigation when a complaint is made while the alleged torturer is on French soil.

According to activists in France, who greeted Rumsfeld shouting "murderer" and "war criminal" at the breakfast meeting venue, US embassy officials remained tight-lipped about the former defense secretary’s whereabouts citing "security reasons".

Anti-torture protesters in France believe that the defense secretary fled over the open border to Germany, where a war crimes case against Rumsfeld was dismissed by a federal court. But activist point out that under the Schengen agreement that ended border checkpoints across a large part of the European Union, French law enforcement agents are allowed to cross the border into Germany in pursuit of a fleeing fugitive.

"Rumsfeld must be feeling how Saddam Hussein felt when US forces were hunting him down," activist Tanguy Richard said. "He may never end up being hanged like his old friend, but he must learn that in the civilized world, war crime doesn’t pay."

International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) along with the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR), and the French League for Human Rights (LDH) filed the complaint on Thursday after learning that Rumsfeld was scheduled to visit Paris.

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Norway gets first black minister

Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg informed King Harald of shifts in the majority ‘red-green’ coalition government on Thursday afternoon. Ministers – and ministries – have changed.
 
[…]

Minister of Children and Equality Karita Bekkemellem, Labour, was replaced by party colleague Manuela Ramin-Osmundsen, the surprise change in the cabinet.

Osmundsen, born on the French island of Martinique, was educated as a lawyer in France. She is married to Conservative politician Terje Osmundsen, is a long-time resident of Norway and newspaper VG’s web site reported that she became a Norwegian citizen two weeks ago.

She has held a variety of positions in the Directorate of Immigration (UDI) and resigned as director of the UDI over the controversial granting of residency to a group of 200 Kurdish asylum seekers, which occurred when she was assistant director.

Stoltenberg said it was high time that the Norwegian government had a minister from an immigrant background.

"Now we get a government that reflects multi-cultural Norway better than before. I want Manuela to have a clear role," Stoltenberg said, and added that there was a historic perspective to the appointment.

Stoltenberg said that the Labour Party had a tradition of fighting for workers’ and women’s rights and the time had come to make the same fight for immigrants, in cooperation with coalition partners SV and the Center Party.

According to Stoltenberg the two SV ministers asked to be relieved of their duties, and he refused comment on Bekkemellem’s exit.

"I believe it is important with renewal. I think every government should have some after two years," Stoltenberg said.

"I am looking forward to working with all of the new ministers," Stoltenberg said outside the palace, and thanked all the outgoing ministers for their work. The changes involving the two SV ministers were widely linked to SV’s poor performance in recent local elections, when voters complained that SV wasn’t doing a good enough job in the areas of higher education and the environment, where it’s traditionally drawn support.

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Swiss elect black lawmaker

"I am the black sheep elected after being chased," declared the first black politician to be voted in to the Swiss parliament in the first interviews following the elections.

Ricardo Lumengo, who arrived in Switzerland 25 years ago from Angola, was savouring a victory that surprised him more than anyone else.

It was a victory made all the sweeter in the context of an election campaign fought on the anti-immigration, anti-crime views held by the right.

The highly controversial poster from the Swiss People’s Party showing a black sheep being kicked out of Switzerland by three white sheep gained them headlines at home, loathing in the foreign press and a substantial increase in votes and seats at home.

The backlash though, from the message of zero tolerance for foreigners who commit crimes on Swiss soil, apparently played on the sympathies of those voters outraged by the tone.

"I am red and black. I like it," the Socialist Party member told the German language paper Blick, referring to his party colours as well as his skin.

The 45-year-old lawyer fled Angola to Switzerland in 1982 and started by washing dishes in a restaurant in Fribourg to fund his legal education before eventually moving into politics.

His rise from nowhere is not unlike that of his inevitable political rival, Christoph Blocher – the man identified as the strongman of the People’s Party.

The 67-year-old billionaire businessman made his fortune in the chemical industry after his humble start as a farm hand. The son of a priest, he too trained as a lawyer.

While Blocher’s party is perceived as racist in how it wishes to deal with criminals the majority of whom, according to statistics, are foreign, Lumengo is the archetypal immigrant the right would claim it wishes to embrace.

Lumengo rejects the idea of Blocher or his party as his nemesis.

"I am a symbol for Swiss people from abroad but I am not trying to be anti-Blocher," he told the French language paper Le Matin.

When asked by the reporter if he was afraid of encountering the majority People’s Party in parliament, he said. "Why? Now I can speak to these people directly."

Lumengo has received quantities of hate mail during his career. He may have proclaimed "I am the UDC’s black sheep," after his election victory, referring to the People’s Party by its French acronym, but he insists that he has succeeded in politics in spite of, rather than because of his colour.

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Afghanistan is lost

The former United Nations High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina delivered his dire prediction after being proposed as a new "super envoy" role in Afghanistan.

Lord Ashdown said: "We have lost, I think, and success is now unlikely."

The assessment will be considered extreme by some diplomats but timely by those pressing for more resources for Nato operations.

Lord Ashdown added: "I believe losing in Afghanistan is worse than losing in Iraq. It will mean that Pakistan will fall and it will have serious implications internally for the security of our own countries and will instigate a wider Shiite [Shia], Sunni regional war on a grand scale.

"Some people refer to the First and Second World Wars as European civil wars and I think a similar regional civil war could be initiated by this [failure] to match this magnitude."

Lord Ashdown, 66, the former leader of the Liberal Democrats, was speaking in advance of a Nato summit in the Dutch town of Noordwijk yesterday.

Britain and the US infuriated by the lack of assistance granted by allies to those countries with forces operating in Afghanistan.

The tensions are particularly acute given that members pledged a year ago that they would do everything within their power to ensure "success" in the country.

With a growing sense in Kabul that the reconstruction and military efforts are lacking focus, Britain and the US are pushing for the creation of a super envoy and are looking for a political heavyweight to fill the role.

Both countries consider that Tom Koenigs, the current UN special representative to Kabul who is a former regional politician in Germany, lacks the international standing to fulfil such a role. He will complete his posting by Christmas.

It is understood that the super envoy would have the existing duties of the UN representative but also greater powers to co-ordinate the rebuilding of the country after decades of war. Progress in reconstruction and development – especially in the violent south – has been sporadic and considered largely unsatisfactory by the international community.

However, there remains widespread discussion over the precise remit that the new figure would have, particularly in relation to any oversight they might have of Nato operations and Operation Enduring Freedom, the US’s separate mission.

A spokesman at the British Embassy in Kabul told The Daily Telegraph: "There is an important role for the United Nations to play in co-ordinating efforts in Afghanistan and we would like to see the international effort better co-ordinated."

A senior diplomat who declined to be named said: "The overall leadership here is that of President Karzai.

"So whoever takes on this role needs to be able to co-ordinate the international community but also serve the interests and structures of a sovereign state."

Apart from Lord Ashdown, candidates under consideration for the new enhanced role include Joschka Fischer, the former German foreign minister, Bernard Kouchner, the serving French foreign minister, and Jaroslav Kaczynski, the former Polish prime minister who lost Sunday’s general election.

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China acquires stake in Standard Bank

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China is to acquire a 20 per cent stake in Standard Bank, the largest bank in Africa by assets, in a dramatic step-up in China’s investment ambitions on the continent.

Standard Bank said on Thursday it was selling the stake for a total of R36.7bn ($5.56bn), of which R20.7bn would go to shareholders and the remainder to Standard Bank Group.

ICBC, the world’s largest bank by market value, will get two non-executive directors on the South African group’s board, one of whom would be vice-chairman.

The deal requires shareholder and regulatory approval. It is understood the South African Reserve Bank will cap the percentage the ICBC can go to at about 25 per cent.

In a statement to the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, the South African group described the deal as “a landmark transaction for Africa, South Africa and Standard Bank Group itself. Standard Bank Group’s proposed partnership with ICBC will place it at the cross-roads of economic interaction between China and the African continent and will represent a strong vote of confidence in the future relationship between the two regions.”

The announcement followed a cautionary statement from Standard Bank on Tuesday, which said it was in talks that could affect its share price.

The deal is a clear sign of a maturing of China’s presence in Africa as Standard Bank is widely considered the most blue chip and stable financial group in South Africa.

It cements the impression that China is seeking to move beyond its standard strategy of the past few years of offering cheap loans in return for access for the continent’s mineral wealth.

It will also be the largest banking deal in South Africa since Barclays of the UK bought Absa Group, the country’s largest retail bank in 2005. Goldman Sachs is advising ICBC, in which it has a small shareholding.

Jiang Jianqing, ICBC chairman, last week said the bank planned to open a branch next month in Russia, take over a bank in Sydney, and open branches in Dubai and Qatar. Media reports had indicated that it is looking for acquisitions in South Africa.

Standard Bank, whose assets totalled R1,100bn ($165bn) on June 30, operates in 18 African countries.

Separately, ICBC said on Thursday that its third-quarter earnings jumped 76 per cent to Rmb22.46bn ($3bn), on the back of a widening interest margin and fee income growth.

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Police scrap hunt because it’s racist

A police crackdown on cannabis factories run by Vietnamese drug barons has been scrapped after officers were warned their actions might be racist.
[…]
They had planned to write to property landlords warning them to look out for suspicious tenancy applications.

But it is understood at least one force has been found to be in breach of the Race Relations Act after specifically referring to Vietnamese nationals in its letters.

The development has infuriated detectives seeking to break the stranglehold of Vietnamese barons, who control 75 per cent of UK production of cannabis.

Senior police sources confirmed there has been an "explosion" in Vietnamese-run cannabis factories over the past year.

Often the whole house will be given over to cultivation of the drug with a small living area reserved for the "gardener", often an illegal immigrant, who tends the plants.

Sometimes the gangs rent up to four properties in a row from the same landlord.

Each house can produce up to four harvests a year, worth up to £600,000.

Electricity connections are often tampered with to offer a free supply to power the lighting around the plants.

Following a recent crackdown by Scotland Yard, many of the crime syndicates have relocated out of the capital to rented properties in places such as Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Nottingham, Leicester and Derby.

There are now three million cannabis users in the UK and more than 60 per cent of what they use is produced here, compared to just 11 per cent ten years ago.

According to investigators, the Vietnamese gangs have a distinct four-tier structure.

There is usually a financial backer, who owns a UK business such as a nail bar or restaurant.

There is a "consultant" who travels around the country advising people how to set up a cannabis farm.

Then there is the "gardener", and finally a seller, responsible for distribution of the drug.

The groups typically launder their vast profits in businesses, vehicles and property. Links to casinos have been uncovered in the Midlands.

Senior officers believe privately that the Government’s decision to relax the laws on cannabis is the cause of the surge in home-grown production.

Chief Superintendent Jon House, of South Yorkshire Police, said the downgrading of the drug from Class B to Class C should be reversed.

He told Police Review magazine that the factories were setting up at an "alarming" rate.

"My recommendation would be that legislation should be introduced that would hold landlords accountable," he said.

Home-grown "skunk", the most powerful and harmful type of cannabis, is flooding our streets, Government scientists have warned.

It accounts for three quarters of the cannabis seized, with 9,460lbs confiscated in the first half of this year.

"There is now an easy way to grow cannabis in this country because of the availability of equipment, specialist lighting and a cheap labour source through foreign nationals," said Dean Ames, head of the Forensic Science Service’s drugs unit.

The potency of skunk, said to be two to three times more powerful than other forms of cannabis, was a major factor behind Gordon Brown’s recent decision to review the downgrading of the drug from Class B to Class C in 2004.

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US to set up permanent base in Botswana

More than 1 500 American soldiers may be permanently based in Botswana from next year, should government go ahead with alleged plans to host America’s recently created Africa Command (Africom).
The Office of the President and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs this week could not confirm reports by Democracy and Governance that Botswana is alleged to have indicated interest to host Africom.

Africom is aimed at stemming the assumed threat posed by swathes of Africa’s “ungoverned” spaces, feared to be potential hide-outs and training fields for terrorists. According to the controversial 2007 “Failed States Index” recently released by the US-based Foreign Policy, Africa tops the list of failed states.

The US budget for the Trans-Saharan Counter-terrorism partnership for 2007 is some $115 million (P1, 5 billion), while non military assistance has increased by 60 percent. Admiral Moeller, head of the Africom planning team hinted that the command will cost in the region of $50 million in the 2007 financial year. The super power’s military investment is also expected to create a lot of jobs for locals.

Despite the economic lures of Africom, a number of African countries, even America’s strategic partners like South Africa, have indicated that they are not willing to host the command, citing concerns with the long term impact it would have on their sovereignty.

According to the report by Democracy and Governance, “it is Washington’s unilateral invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the Bush administration’s strategy of pre-emptive strikes against its perceived threats which present liabilities which some African states are shy to bear. Countries considered by the US and its allies as pariahs such as Sudan and Zimbabwe shudder at the possibility of Africom being used to coordinate strikes against them ala Iraq.”

Since Al Qaeda blew up American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, killing 225 people, America has trained its heavy guns on the organization and its suspected local allies in the region. Some 1,5 00 US military and civilian personnel attached to the combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) have maintained a presence at Camp Lemonier, Djibouti. The command of the CJTF-HOA, currently under CENTCOM, will be transferred to Africom in Botswana in 2008, should Botswana agree to host the command.

Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Moostaq Moorad, would not confirm reports that Botswana has indicated that they are willing to host Africom, saying “This is more of a military cooperation issue than an international cooperation issue.” He referred all enquiries to the Office of the President.

Presidential Affairs spokesperson, Dr Jeff Ramsay, also said he could not confirm the reports. He promised to come back to us next week.

The Sunday Standard can, however, reveal that logistical difficulties that would come with Botswana hosting Africom were cleared in 2003 when the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation agreed to sign a non surrender pact with America under controversial circumstances.

According to the write up by the Director of Democracy and Governance, Dr Peter Kagwanja, “ locating American soldiers permanently on foreign soil will depend on the host country’s approval of a Status-of-Force Agreement (SOFA) – a legal document that the State Department negotiated to define the legal standing of American soldiers abroad.”

Botswana has already signed this bilateral pact binding them not to surrender American military personnel to international tribunals, commonly known as Article 98. The agreement was signed on June 30, 2003 in Gaborone and entered into force on 28th September 2003.

In its carrot and stick campaign, Washington withdrew military aid to all American allies that refused to sign the agreement, among them SADC countries like South Africa, Lesotho, Zambia , Malawi, Tanzania and Namibia.
The Bush administration also issued a waiver, exempting Botswana from the military sanctions.

The Botswana government was, however, under pressure from the local media and opposition political parties which felt that the country had sold out to America. In an attempt to stem the groundswell of hostile public opinion, Foreign Affairs Minister, Lt Gen Mompati Merafhe, issued a statement in July 2003 trying to justify Botswana’s position.

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Police: stop more black suspects

One of Britain’s leading black police officers is to demand that more people from ethnic minorities must be stopped and searched if the fight against inner-city gun and knife crime is to succeed.

In a speech that will reignite one of the most contentious issues in British po licing, the president of the National Black Police Association will dramatically call for an increase in the policing strategy in black communities. It marks a U-turn by the association, which has previously questioned the high proportion of black people stopped and searched by police.
 
Speaking at the group’s annual conference, Keith Jarrett will ask Police Minister Tony McNulty and Sir Ian Blair, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, to consider escalating stop-and-searches among black people to reduce the number of shootings that have claimed the lives of another two teenagers in the past week.
 
The disputed use of stop-and-search has arguably caused more conflict than any other modern policing tactic and first achieved national notoriety during the Eighties, when it was blamed for precipitating inner-city race riots. Black people are four times more likely to be stopped than white people, according to Scotland Yard’s figures, which continues to give rise to charges of police racism.
 
Jarrett admitted he was braced for a negative backlash during his headline speech in Bristol last Wednesday. It is the first time that a senior black officer has called for an increase in stop-and-search among the black community.
 
Traditionally the association, which has 8,000 members ranging from senior figures such as Tarique Ghaffur, assistant commissioner in the Metropolitan police, to backroom staff, has pointed to the ‘alarming’ and disproportionate numbers of black people who are stopped and searched.
Jarrett told The Observer: ‘From the return that I am getting from a lot of black people, they want to stop these killings, these knife crimes, and if it means their sons and daughters are going to be inconvenienced by being stopped by the police, so be it. I’m hoping we go down that road. I am going to be pressing him [Blair] to increase stop-and-search. It’s not going to go down very well with my audience, many of whom are going to be black. We have talked about disproportionate use of stop-and-search in the past, but what I am proposing is quite the reverse. The black community is telling me that we have to have a look at this.’ Controversially, Jarrett said he would not oppose a random use of stop-and-search when officers had ‘reasonable suspicion’ an offence had been committed. He argued that, as long as officers used the powers courteously and responsibly, many within the black community would accept it as a necessary evil. He added that the toll of shootings and knife crime meant that deep-seated misgivings over the policing strategy were being increasingly outweighed by fears over mounting violence.
 
The backlash was led last night by Liberal Democrats’ home affairs spokesman Nick Clegg, who said stop-and-search only ‘increased community tensions and distrust in the police’. He added: ‘Effective policing depends on good intelligence and smart ways of fostering community co-operation. This suggestion points us in exactly the opposite direction and risks repeating all the worst mistakes of the past’.
 
Although widely viewed by senior officers as an effective policing tool, stop-and-search use was blamed for the 1985 Handsworth riots in Birmingham which erupted after the arrest of a black man. Its predecessor, the discredited ‘sus law’ which empowered the police to arrest any person they suspected of loitering with intent to commit an arrestable offence, was abolished after its widespread use against young black men sparked the 1981 Brixton riots.
 
In the wake of the south London uprising, new rules for stop-and-search determined that officers required ‘reasonable suspicion’ that an offence had been committed. Yet its use against the black community has continued to attract claims of racism.
 
Publication of the Macpherson Report in February 1999 into the murder of the teenager Stephen Lawrence, which found that police were institutionally racist, condemned the use of stop-and-search. Racial equality watchdogs have also threatened the police with legal action over stop-and-search, claiming its use has single-handedly poisoned relations with ethnic minorities.

Until Jarrett’s speech this week, senior black and Asian officers publicly agreed that stop-and-search risked criminalising and alienating ethnic minorities. Last year Ghaffur warned that counter-terrorism laws, including an increased incidence of stop-and-search, had indirectly discriminated against Asians.

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Segregation rules

The new building that will soon house the Arab-Jewish bilingual school Hand in Hand sticks out against the rest of the houses in the Pat neighborhood in Jerusalem. The roomy halls and spacious lawns are not very characteristic of the nearby streets. Neither is the multicultural atmosphere which many of the religious Jewish neighbors don’t care for.

The building’s opening ceremony yesterday revealed an impressive structure, with small gardens with olive trees that will accommodate outdoor classes once the building opens its doors to the school’s 400 primary and junior high students. The institution is still waiting for some final permits from the municipality.

The Jerusalem Fund had raised the NIS 40 million needed to fund the new building from German, Austrian, Swiss, British and other European donors.

Many people from Pat are not very happy about the school. Some say their objections have nothing to do with the fact that it’s a Jewish-Arab school. They cite the lengthy construction and the traffic-related problems they will have to contend with every morning. Others object on cultural grounds.

"It’s a mixed school and it doesn’t sit well with a religious neighborhood," one of the residents told Haaretz, requesting anonymity. "If this were a normal school then there’d be no problem. The same goes for a yeshiva, of course. It’s the mixing between Jews and Arabs that’s the problem. The rest pales in comparison."

Another woman echoes this sentiment. "The Arabs have their own villages. That’s where they should go study. Not here in the middle of a Jewish neighborhood," she said. "I’ve got nothing against Arabs, but why do they have to go to school with Jews? It will only lead to assimilation that will begin at an even earlier age because of this school."

A third neighbor, Mariana Kuman, said she didn’t mind the school. "The Arabs from Beit Safafa are here all the time anyway. They come to hang around here on Saturday nights. They also come here on holidays and they don’t bother anyone. It’s not like there aren’t any Jewish troublemakers.

Hand in Hand’s management says there are people from outside the neighborhood who are trying to persuade the residents to oppose the school.

The Hand in Hand organization has two other bilingual schools, one in Gush Misgav and one in Kfar Kara, in addition to the one at Pat, which is co-managed by principals Dalia Peretz and Ala Khatib. The organization also has two kindergartens in Be’er Sheva.

In keeping with the Jerusalem school’s bilingual identity, Arab and Jewish teachers are equally represented. When the Jewish teacher reads a story, her Arab colleague translates into Arabic. The next day, it will be the Arab teacher to tell the story in Arabic, and the Jewish teacher’s turn to translate into Hebrew.

When addressing the teachers and their schoolmates, some students switch effortlessly between Arabic in Hebrew, depending on the person they are addressing.

The next step for the Jerusalem school will be to open a high school division. Currently, however, the school only has 14 students in the 9th grade, all of whom are Arab. Their Jewish counterparts have all left in favor of more traditional institutions.

The elementary school division, by contrast, is much more popular. Each grade has two classes with 30 students. "We try to keep the balance between boys and girls and Jews and Arabs," says Khatib. "It’s harder than populating Noah’s Ark."

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Swiss party gains record high

The nationalist Swiss People’s Party have gained a record high 29 percent of the vote in national parliamentary elections after an agressive campaign that blamed foreigners for much of the crime in Switzerland. The official results released Monday by the Federal Statistics Office showed the SVP edging out the 1919 performance of 28 percent achieved by the pro-business Radical Democrats when Swiss elections were reorganized immediately after World War I. On the left, the Green movement increased to 9.6 percent from 7.9 percent of four years ago. The Socialists suffered a major setback.

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‘Complete meltdown of society’

World oil production has already peaked and will fall by half as soon as 2030, according to a report which also warns that extreme shortages of fossil fuels will lead to wars and social breakdown.

The German-based Energy Watch Group will release its study in London today saying that global oil production peaked in 2006 – much earlier than most experts had expected. The report, which predicts that production will now fall by 7% a year, comes after oil prices set new records almost every day last week, on Friday hitting more than $90 (£44) a barrel.

"The world soon will not be able to produce all the oil it needs as demand is rising while supply is falling. This is a huge problem for the world economy," said Hans-Josef Fell, EWG’s founder and the German MP behind the country’s successful support system for renewable energy.

The report’s author, Joerg Schindler, said its most alarming finding was the steep decline in oil production after its peak, which he says is now behind us.

The results are in contrast to projections from the International Energy Agency, which says there is little reason to worry about oil supplies at the moment.

However, the EWG study relies more on actual oil production data which, it says, are more reliable than estimates of reserves still in the ground. The group says official industry estimates put global reserves at about 1.255 gigabarrels – equivalent to 42 years’ supply at current consumption rates. But it thinks the figure is only about two thirds of that.

Global oil production is currently about 81m barrels a day – EWG expects that to fall to 39m by 2030. It also predicts significant falls in gas, coal and uranium production as those energy sources are used up.

Britain’s oil production peaked in 1999 and has already dropped by half to about 1.6 million barrels a day.

The report presents a bleak view of the future unless a radically different approach is adopted. It quotes the British energy economist David Fleming as saying: "Anticipated supply shortages could lead easily to disturbing scenes of mass unrest as witnessed in Burma this month. For government, industry and the wider public, just muddling through is not an option any more as this situation could spin out of control and turn into a complete meltdown of society."

Mr Schindler comes to a similar conclusion. "The world is at the beginning of a structural change of its economic system. This change will be triggered by declining fossil fuel supplies and will influence almost all aspects of our daily life."

Jeremy Leggett, one of Britain’s leading environmentalists and the author of Half Gone, a book about "peak oil" – defined as the moment when maximum production is reached, said that both the UK government and the energy industry were in "institutionalised denial" and that action should have been taken sooner.

"When I was an adviser to government, I proposed that we set up a taskforce to look at how fast the UK could mobilise alternative energy technologies in extremis, come the peak," he said. "Other industry advisers supported that. But the government prefers to sleep on without even doing a contingency study. For those of us who know that premature peak oil is a clear and present danger, it is impossible to understand such complacency."

Mr Fell said that the world had to move quickly towards the massive deployment of renewable energy and to a dramatic increase in energy efficiency, both as a way to combat climate change and to ensure that the lights stayed on. "If we did all this we may not have an energy crisis."

He accused the British government of hypocrisy. "Tony Blair and Gordon Brown have talked a lot about climate change but have not brought in proper policies to drive up the use of renewables," he said. "This is why they are left talking about nuclear and carbon capture and storage. "

Yesterday, a spokesman for the Department of Business and Enterprise said: "Over the next few years global oil production and refining capacity is expected to increase faster than demand. The world’s oil resources are sufficient to sustain economic growth for the foreseeable future. The challenge will be to bring these resources to market in a way that ensures sustainable, timely, reliable and affordable supplies of energy."

The German policy, which guarantees above-market payments to producers of renewable power, is being adopted in many countries – but not Britain, where renewables generate about 4% of the country’s electricity and 2% of its overall energy needs.

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China helps Africa where West failed

China is spreading prosperity in Africa where the West failed, a Chinese bank official said on Thursday in a sharp rebuke to critics of his country’s growing role in the world’s poorest continent.

Li Ruogu, president of China’s state-owned Export-Import Bank, key funder of China’s push into Africa, said roads and radios were more urgent needs for Africans than human rights and freedom, and that China was delivering such concrete benefits.

"Western colonialism over 400 years in Africa did not bring any development and wealth," Li said. "But China has brought many benefits to Africa."

 After $50 billion in debt write-offs for impoverished countries mainly in Africa last year, Western donors fear China’s expanding economic links with the continent could lead to a build-up in burdensome debts all over again.

[…]

Lack of transparency from China on details of its investments and aid in Africa has also alarmed Western donors, who have watched China become a major investor in countries such as Angola and Sudan that are accused of violating human rights.

"Western countries talk about human rights and freedom every day, but if the people there can’t even watch television or listen to radio, how can they enjoy human rights and freedom?" Li said.

China has recently claimed credit for persuading Sudan to accept U.N peacekeepers in the troubled Darfur region and it has won praise from the United States for its "constructive role" in dealings with Khartoum.

[…]

China argues its own rapid growth and experience in lifting more than 400 million people out of poverty over past 20 years could provide valuable lessons to Africans.

"I visited Africa 11 times within two years, and I can feel the strong desire of African people and governments to develop the local economy and cooperate with China", he said.

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The last White team

"I’ve believed for a long time now that South Africa are going to win the World Cup," Jake White says with quiet but utter certainty in his hotel room in Paris. Days away from the final, against an England team that White’s Springboks beat 36-0 last month, it might be presumed that arrogance or complacency underpins the South African coach’s unusually bold honesty. But the urgency in White’s voice is more revealing.

"There is a sense of destiny about this team," White insists, "because no other side in world rugby plays with the same pressure. England have been through a tough time but it’s nothing like our situation. I know Schalk Burger [South Africa’s flanker] has talked to you about the fact that, after this tournament, massive political pressure is going to be exerted to pick a Springbok side based more on colour rather than merit. This is a huge unspoken motivation for them – to show that they deserve to keep their team."

White, the 43-year-old former schoolteacher who has done more than any other Springbok coach to develop young black and Coloured (the mixed-race classification still used in South Africa) players, believes the final will almost certainly be his last game in charge. Even victory, he suggests, "will not buy me any more time. But what it will do is buy South African rugby some time to work out if it is smart enough to hang on to this group of players and move on together for the sake of the game in the entire country. This is an immensely bright group of guys and they know the stakes. They’re playing to win the World Cup, but they’re also playing for the future."

The political minefield of South African rugby means the desire to raise the "targets" or "quotas" of black or Coloured players in a Springbok XV will soon become even more ferocious. White, having battled the odds since January 2004, does not envisage staying in his post. "It explains why I’m not nervous. I went through such a low last year that there were times I didn’t think I’d be here. But I’m enjoying it now. I said to you a few weeks ago that my job is to get them to the final. Their job on Saturday will be to win it. And I have complete confidence in a team I’ve always felt is destined for greatness."

Yet, after this astonishing tournament, White acknowledges that England are entitled to believe in destiny themselves. Any side capable of hauling themselves out of the graveyard of that shattering group-game defeat should feel that history is calling. And when that team are the defending world champions, with a defiant pack and the boot of Jonny Wilkinson behind them, White is right to urge caution.

"This is the World Cup final. England also have 10 guys who were part of their 2003 World Cup squad and that’s a massive advantage. When we played them last time England’s confidence was shredded and then, to crown it all, they lost Wilkinson and [Olly] Barkley. Then [Andy] Farrell got injured and they had to put [Mike] Catt in at fly-half. You can’t win with such bad luck.

"But whatever happened that night is irrelevant. It’s all about momentum and England have improved in every game since then and won four on the bounce. Their confidence is rocketing and they are a different proposition with Wilkinson. And everyone is talking up their pack."

White, from a rugby culture where scrummaging is often considered romantic, and props are regarded as heroic, talks up his own forward power. "England are exceptionally strong in the scrum but in the lineout, with [Victor] Matfield and [Bakkies] Botha, and at the breakdown, with Burger, they will feel pressure. But we’re keeping our feet on the ground because there have been so many amazing twists and turns in this World Cup."

In a series of interviews between us over the last four weeks White has often seemed uncannily accurate in his forecasts. He predicted that Argentina would beat France in the opening match and that the hosts would then go on to lose in the semi-finals. Yet even the sage-like White has been nonplussed. "I told you we would play Wales in the quarters and France in the semis before beating the All Blacks in the final. But we haven’t met one of those teams."

White, however, derides any amateur psychologist who claims that the momentum has now swung to England because a bloated South Africa will still be gorging on the memory of their 36-0 win. The Springboks, after all, were "nilled" in similarly embarrassing fashion when losing 49-0 to Australia last year. "We’ve been through our own downward spiral. But just as there were mitigating factors in England losing so badly to us that result in Brisbane came out of left field. The week before, SA Rugby announced that they weren’t going to lengthen my contract and there had also been this hoo-ha about me becoming director of rugby for England. The players were unsettled.

"But we played Australia in Sydney two weeks later – once I’d reassured them that I was staying. We only lost 20-18 after a Wallaby try in the last minute. That shows how things can turn around in two weeks. England have had four weeks since we played each other."

When asked how close he came to moving to Twickenham last year, White admits: "I was in the frame but there was no real prospect then of me leaving South Africa. I was committed to my team." As for the future: "If my contract doesn’t get renewed and England came to me with a proposal to coach them one day I’d be crazy not to accept it. There are a huge amount of similarities between England and South Africa. We have both come through tough times and, apart from these last few weeks, they’ve really not done well since winning the World Cup. But England have got massive potential, some real stars and plenty of exciting young players coming through. And there is so much desire and passion in English rugby that I’d have to be tempted. Who wouldn’t want to be part of that rugby culture?"

Three weeks ago, when Brian Ashton’s grip on the England coaching job was less secure, White told me: "Without committing myself to anyone I definitely want to stay in international rugby. I want to see what it’s like to coach on a relatively even keel, without South Africa’s political interference, and England would be hugely attractive to any coach at this level. I would hate to leave my own country, and I would especially hate to leave this team because I think in four years’ time, if we keep them together, they could take rugby to a new level. But just as a South African lawyer can find himself a great job in London so it’s legitimate as a professional coach that I look at other opportunities."

Yesterday, understandably, he was more focused on the final. "All that we discussed before is still the case. But it’s not just England. I would consider coaching any international team. Once you’ve been at this level it’s in your blood and you want to see how good you really are. On Sunday night, as South Africa and Argentina ran out for the semi-final, with the music blaring and the crowd going beserk, Eddie Jones [the former Australia coach and now White’s assistant] turned to me and said, ‘This is what it’s all about. This is why we coach international rugby.’ I’d like to stay at the top as long as I can. But after Saturday I’ll have time to reflect and make a final decision."

White does not demur when asked if the gist of an earlier conversation between us remains unchanged. "That’s right," he admits. "Speaking to Clive [Woodward] and Eddie it’s obvious. When you win the World Cup you’ve got to go because there’s no more you can achieve. And if you don’t they probably want you to go anyway. Eddie told me that after Australia lost the World Cup with a drop-kick to England he should have gone then."

There is a tangible poignance in White working for probably the last time this week with players he has coached over many years. As assistant coach of the side which won the Under-19 World Cup in 1999 – and as chief coach of the tournament-winning team in the Under-21 equivalent in 2002 – White created a nucleus of players who have enjoyed sustained international success.

"We’ve been together four years as a senior squad but I’ve worked with many of them far longer. I first came across John Smit when he was 15 and I coached Victor Matfield when I was in charge of SA Schools in 1994. In 1999, when we won the Under-19 World Cup, John was the captain and in 2002 we were joined by Schalk Burger, Fourie du Preez, Juan Smith and the rest. I know them inside out and all I have to do these next few days is get the team right in terms of preparation and focus.

"That’s why I feel so fortunate. The critics have been unanimous in their belief that Bryan Habana is the best finisher in world rugby. They all say Fourie du Preez is the world’s best scrum-half. Our two locks, Victor Matfield and Bakkies Botha, are as good as anyone. The same goes for our flankers in Burger and Smith."

The list of England players who could claim comparable status is not as long. But White knows that World Cups are won by teams. "England are a proper team now, but so are we. I also feel we’re destined. Before the tournament [South Africa’s president] Thabo Mbeki told us, ‘Forget the politics and win it’ – and that was a big statement. And when we got to France we were in the same hotel as Madiba [Nelson Mandela] and we gave him the captain’s No2 jersey. He said, ‘Win it for the whole country,’ and we remembered how he gave us that massive lift when we won in 1995. That’s why I brought in Morne du Plessis to hand out the team jerseys before the first game of this World Cup.

"Morne had been team manager in 1995 and the message he gave was quite clear. People in South Africa are tired of the old images, of watching the plane fly over Ellis Park after we had beaten the All Blacks to become world champions. They’re tired of the photos of Francois Pienaar holding the World Cup. It’s time for some new stories. It’s time for some new South African rugby heroes."

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